C1 · Lesson 1 · 25 min
Tense and aspect for precise meaning
In this lesson
- I can explain how simple, continuous and perfect forms change the focus of a message.
- I can distinguish temporary behaviour from a state or general characteristic.
Grammar in context
Tariq has prepared three diagrams, and all three are ready to print. He has been preparing diagrams all morning, so he needs a break. He is usually patient, but he is being rather abrupt today.
Which sentence counts completed results? Which focuses on an activity over time? Which describes temporary behaviour?
Choose a focus, not just a time word
Tense and aspect work together to present a situation from a particular viewpoint. A simple form may describe a general fact, repeated event or complete occurrence. A continuous form can present an activity as in progress, temporary or developing. Context sometimes permits both, with a difference in focus. Do not assume that one time expression automatically determines a single possible form regardless of the meaning the speaker intends.
- The company supplies local cafés. This month it is supplying a festival too.
- The river is rising, although it usually stays below the bridge.
Results and activity up to a reference point
The present perfect simple often highlights a completed result or a count of completed actions. The present perfect continuous often highlights duration or repeated activity continuing up to now, possibly with present evidence. It need not mean that the activity is still happening at the exact moment of speaking. Past perfect continuous moves that viewpoint back to an earlier past reference point. Use context to clarify completion rather than treating a form as a guarantee in every situation.
- I have labelled all twelve boxes; none remain.
- I have been labelling boxes, and my hands are covered in ink.
A state can have a different active meaning
Some verbs usually describe states and favour simple forms, but a different meaning may allow a continuous form. I think the answer is correct expresses an opinion; I am thinking about the question describes an active mental process. Be plus -ing can describe temporary behaviour with a suitable adjective: she is being considerate. It does not normally replace be for a permanent identity or simple possession. Check the meaning of the verb in its particular context.
- We have two spare monitors.
- We are having a short discussion about the layout.
Common mistakes
Compare the incorrect and corrected forms.
Avoid
I have been knowing her for ten years.
Use
I have known her for ten years.
Know describes a state here, so use present perfect simple.
Avoid
He is being a doctor by profession.
Use
He is a doctor by profession.
A professional identity normally uses simple be, not temporary-behaviour being.
Put it into practice
Try the exercises, write your own examples and check your understanding.