C1 · Lesson 12 · 25 min
Concession and complex connections
In this lesson
- I can connect contrasting ideas with accurate clause and phrase patterns.
- I can express concession with much as, however and no matter without changing the intended relationship.
Grammar in context
Much as we liked the venue, we could not afford it. However carefully we revised the budget, the total remained too high. We chose a smaller hall despite having fewer display spaces.
Which idea is acknowledged but does not change the outcome? What kind of structure follows despite?
Acknowledge a point without accepting its expected result
Concession recognises a fact while showing that an expected consequence does not follow. Although and even though introduce finite clauses. Despite and in spite of are followed by noun phrases or -ing forms; despite the fact that allows a finite clause. Keep the two patterns distinct. A contrast does not automatically imply a cause, and changing the linker can change the logical relationship even when both sentences sound grammatical.
- Although the design was simple, it worked well.
- Despite its simple design, the device worked well.
Express degree with however and no matter
However before an adjective or adverb can mean no matter how: however expensive it is, we must replace it. The following clause normally retains statement order. No matter can also combine with what, where, who and other question words, each selecting a different kind of variable. These concessive patterns differ from however used as a linking adverb between sentences. Choose punctuation and word order that make the intended structure visible.
- However carefully you plan, delays remain possible.
- No matter where we meet, we will need a quiet room.
Use much as and contrast clauses
Much as introduces a concession involving a strong feeling, desire or degree of agreement: much as I respect her, I disagree. It is fairly formal. While and whereas can directly contrast facts about two people or things; while also has a time meaning, so check the context. When two linkers are equally appropriate, the meaning and register may guide your choice rather than a single absolute grammar rule. Avoid combining although with but to join the same pair of clauses.
- Much as I wanted to stay, I had to leave.
- The east-facing room is bright, whereas the other room gets little sunlight.
Common mistakes
Compare the incorrect and corrected forms.
Avoid
Despite the room was small, everyone fitted in.
Use
Although the room was small, everyone fitted in.
Although takes a finite clause; despite needs a noun phrase, -ing form or the fact that.
Avoid
However is the journey long, we will travel.
Use
However long the journey is, we will travel.
Use however + adjective followed by ordinary subject–verb order.
Put it into practice
Try the exercises, write your own examples and check your understanding.