B2 · Lesson 33 · 25 min
Contrast, purpose and result
In this lesson
- I can connect contrasting ideas with the right clause or noun pattern.
- I can distinguish a purpose from an observed result.
Grammar in context
Although the hall was small, the event went ahead. The organisers moved the chairs so that everyone could see. The discussion was so lively that it continued for an extra hour, despite the late finish.
Which expression introduces a full contrasting clause, which gives a purpose, and which describes a result?
Contrast clauses and noun phrases
Although and even though introduce finite clauses with a subject and verb. Despite and in spite of normally introduce a noun phrase or an -ing form. To put a full clause after despite, use a structure such as despite the fact that. In ordinary formal writing, do not use both although and but to join the same pair of clauses. Choose one structure and make the relationship clear.
- Although the road was busy, we crossed safely.
- Despite the traffic, the bus arrived on time.
Explain the purpose of an action
To, in order to and so as to can introduce a purpose with an infinitive when its understood subject is clear. In order not to expresses a negative purpose. So that introduces a full clause and can make a different subject explicit, often with can, could or another modal. Purpose describes the intended goal; it does not guarantee success. Context may also give so that a result meaning, so read the whole message.
- I wrote the name down in order not to forget it.
- We spoke quietly so that the baby could sleep.
Describe degree and result
So + adjective or adverb + that connects a degree with its result. Such introduces a noun phrase: such a noisy room, such helpful people. A singular countable noun needs a or an in this pattern. Use so many or so few with plural countable nouns, and so much or so little with an uncountable quantity. Do not confuse a planned purpose with a result that actually followed.
- The queue was so long that we left.
- It was such a useful workshop that we booked another.
Common mistakes
Compare the incorrect and corrected forms.
Avoid
Despite it was cold, we stayed outside.
Use
Although it was cold, we stayed outside.
Although can directly introduce the finite clause; despite needs a noun pattern or the fact that.
Avoid
It was so a difficult question that nobody answered.
Use
It was such a difficult question that nobody answered.
Use such a + adjective + singular countable noun.
Put it into practice
Try the exercises, write your own examples and check your understanding.